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break-word'>
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<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Living
on the Edge – Automatic Merging<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>By
Tom Tyler<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The
topic of fully automating merges comes up every now and again. By “fully
automating”, I mean taking the human out of the resolve process entirely for
changes that don’t require either an interactive resolve or advanced
integration options. A changelist is submitted by a human on one branch, and
that submit initiates one or more automated integrate/resolve/submit operations
to one or more target branches along a predefined merge pathway that reflects
your current branching strategy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Eliminating
humans from the process seems like a bold step. And indeed it
is! Perforce’s merging algorithms are a “best guess”, based on what I call
“text diff-chunk based logic.” It’s a tremendous value of Perforce that it
does this so well, but there’s only just so far that it can take
you. Perforce doesn’t try to understand the semantics of the C++ or Java
or Perl code you’re writing, and it’s entirely possible that its best guess
(the resolve result) won’t be what you want. Such merge errors might only be
detected at compile time. The worst case scenario is that you introduce a
“semantic merge” problem, where the result of an automated merge is incorrect,
but compiles OK and sneaks past testing, possibly even surviving long enough to
be a customer-visible bug. <strong><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Eek!</i></strong><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Because
they can escape detection longer, semantic merge problems are harder to fix
later, since the change is no longer fresh in the mind of the developer who
originated the change. (It’s usually best to merge changes soon after they
are made – ideally by the developer who originated the change).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
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mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="LivingOnTheEdge-AutomaticMerging.fld/image001.png" o:title="TrainCrash-WIP1"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=432 height=196
src="LivingOnTheEdge-AutomaticMerging.fld/image001.png" alt=TrainCrash-WIP1
v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1"><![endif]></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Figure
1: <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The Risk of Automated Merging<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Maybe
you’re thinking, “This is too risky! Why would anyone ever do this?”
Visions of train wrecks pop in your head! But there are indeed reasons to do
it! (To consider automated merging, not to wreck a train).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The
risk of semantic merge problems is real, but there are considerable benefits to
factor in when evaluating whether automated merging is right for your
organization. The main benefit is ensuring fast propagation of
changes. Automated merging helps ensure that once-fixed bugs never rear
their ugly heads again. Besides, semantic merge problems occur even without
automating merges if the human whose job it is to catch the merge problems misses
them. So, while automated merging might increase the risk of having more
semantic merge problems, it can also decrease other types merge problems,
including the dreaded “repeat offender” bug.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Semantic
merge problem risks can be reduced by automating merges only along pathways
most likely to produce a good result. For example, you might automate merges
from a mostly stable release branch used (almost) exclusively for bug fixes
back to MAIN.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in;mso-para-margin-top:.01gd;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:
.01gd;mso-para-margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="AutoMergeGraphic2" style='width:6in;height:324pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="LivingOnTheEdge-AutomaticMerging.fld/image002.png" o:title="AutoMergeGraphic2"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=432 height=324
src="LivingOnTheEdge-AutomaticMerging.fld/image002.png" alt=AutoMergeGraphic2
v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2"><![endif]></span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in;mso-para-margin-top:.01gd;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:
.01gd;mso-para-margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Figure
2: <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Automerge - Fast Bugfix Propagation</span><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in;mso-para-margin-top:.01gd;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:
.01gd;mso-para-margin-left:0in'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in;mso-para-margin-top:.01gd;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:
.01gd;mso-para-margin-left:0in'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>There are a lot of things to consider if
you want to automated merges. Here are just a few:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-bottom:.1pt;mso-para-margin-top:
.01gd;mso-para-margin-bottom:.01gd;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Define
tag names for each branch, e.g. FGS-3.0-R = </span><span style='font-size:
11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>//Eng/FGS/rel/3.0-R/…</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-bottom:.1pt;mso-para-margin-top:
.01gd;mso-para-margin-bottom:.01gd;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Define
merge paths between branches, e.g. FGS-3.0-R to MAIN.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-bottom:.1pt;mso-para-margin-top:
.01gd;mso-para-margin-bottom:.01gd;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Consider
which merge paths are most appropriate for automated merging.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-bottom:.1pt;mso-para-margin-top:
.01gd;mso-para-margin-bottom:.01gd;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Provide
a way for an admin to enable/disable each defined merge pathway.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-bottom:.1pt;mso-para-margin-top:
.01gd;mso-para-margin-bottom:.01gd;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Provide
developers a way to avoid automerging particular changelists (e.g. with
special text in the changelist description).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-bottom:.1pt;mso-para-margin-top:
.01gd;mso-para-margin-bottom:.01gd;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Sending
email notifications when automatic merges occur, with a subject line indicating
if it succeeded or if interactive (human) resolution is required, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in;mso-para-margin-top:.01gd;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:
.01gd;mso-para-margin-left:0in'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;
margin-left:0in;mso-para-margin-top:.01gd;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:
.01gd;mso-para-margin-left:0in'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Automated merging works best if you automate
merges from bugfix-only branches. In more general terms, automated
merging works best if the branch from which you’re automatically merging
contains focused changes, tightly controlled changes. Things like general
code cleanup will make for a mess, so it’s best if that sort of activity occur
in new development branches, not release maintenance branches. In branching
strategies where products change extensively on long-lived release branches (as
opposed to bugfix-only release branches), the success rate for automatic merges
would likely be lower. Automated merging may not be appropriate in that case.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-no-proof:
yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1025"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="AutoMergeGraphic" style='width:6in;height:324pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="LivingOnTheEdge-AutomaticMerging.fld/image003.png" o:title="AutoMergeGraphic"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=432 height=324
src="LivingOnTheEdge-AutomaticMerging.fld/image003.png" alt=AutoMergeGraphic
v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3"><![endif]></span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Figure 3: <span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Automatic Merge Paths<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><strong><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Which
paths should be automated?<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Take
a look at the diagram above. There’s a lot going on there! That depicts an
advanced branching strategy involving a mainline, release branches (rel/*-R),
integration branches (int/*-I), and development branches. Start with
automating merges from the release branches to MAIN only. In the example
above, the merge pathways from rel/8.5-R to rel/9.0-R and separately from 9.0-R
to MAIN would be candidates for automated merging. The remaining merges would
be left to humans.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Personal
development sandbox branches aren’t shown to avoid clutter. If sandboxes are
used, allow developers to automate merges from development branches to their
personal sandboxes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><strong><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Where
does automation breakdown?<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Focusing
automation only on paths likely to produce a good result is one way to help
prevent merge automation from leading to chaos. But even when automated merging
is helpful, there will still be some merges that just can’t be automated.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>For
example, an interactive resolve is necessary whenever there are conflicting
chunks of text modified in the same file in both the source and target
branches. Such merges require human interaction to resolve.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:.1pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1pt;margin-left:0in'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Advanced
integration options are required scenarios where Perforce isn’t sure if a
change should be propagated. For example, if a change is made to a file in the
source branch, but the corresponding file in the target branch has already been
deleted (or vice-versa), a human with an understanding of the history must
determine the appropriate course of action. For these scenarios, a human should
use the Revision Graph, Time Lapse view, and even the old fashioned telephone.
Then resolve manually based on the results of analysis of the history, and
possibly communication with others. The correct choice might be to supply the
advanced integration option to Perforce, and proceed with the integration. Or
it might be to modify the branch spec, adding an exclusion mapping telling
Perforce to ignore further changes to certain files (such as those already
deleted in the target branch but which need to exist in the source branch for
some reason). [See the Perforce KB article, ‘</span><a
href="http://kb.perforce.com/UserTasks/CodelinesAndBranching/PropagatingDeletes"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Preventing the
Propagation of Deletes</span></a><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
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</html>
| # | Change | User | Description | Committed | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | 30554 | C. Thomas Tyler |
A few refresher changes: * Updated copyrights for this project (2011 to 2024). * Fixed various doc typos and broken email links. * Tweaked comments in code to refer to modern SDP location for password files and to use /p4/common/site/automerge as the home directory, following the modern SDP covention using the 'site' directory. * Fixed a broken link to the long-gone blog article "Living on the Edge - Automatic Merging" by adding the article in the new 'docs' folder (adding the original Word doc and converting to HTML). No functional changes. |